Anatomy & Physiology

Department(s): 
Science

Course Title:  Anatomy and Physiology

2 Semesters – 10 credits – 5 class periods per week

 
Course Description:
The overall concept in Anatomy and Physiology is ownership and stewardship from a Biblical World View.Students will be able to articulate their personal view and the Biblical world view, citing scriptural reference, for the following questions:  When does life begin?  What is our role in maintaining health?  What is our view of others?  What value is a human life?  What does scripture say about the body as a whole, lifestyle, health and movement in glorifying Him?
 
        Anatomy and Physiology introduces students to the intricacies of the human body, general health, medical terminology, and disease.  Studying the human body as God designed it and gaining knowledge, wisdom and appreciation for this amazing machine is the primary goal.  Scripture will be emphasized throughout the course Students are introduced to the organization of the human body with directional terms, somatotypes, levels of organization, and homeostasis.  After reviewing general cell structure, differentiation, and cellular physiology, students focus on the four basic forms of tissues in the body followed by extensive examination of the twelve body systems.  The primary focus will be on the anatomical structures of the eleven body systems, integration and care of these systems and mechanisms of disease.  We will be studying gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from cytology and histology perspectives in addition to developmental, pathological and systemic anatomy and physiology of all systems. 
        In all content areas, helping the student to think critically, organize information, and apply knowledge are emphasized.  For each unit, consisting of two to five chapters, students are required to learn thirty to one hundred vocabulary terms/medical terms, and complete study guides, review questions, critical thinking questions, and color visual plates.  In addition to these written assignments, students participate in activities and/or laboratory exercises associated with the unit.  Students must show competency in naming and identifying bones (206), muscles (52), major nerves, blood cells, all major and minor arteries, and organs.  Students must relate this information to the care and maintenance of the body and to dealing with disease.  Students are required to keep an updated, ongoing notebook with class lecture notes, handouts, and supplemental information.  Students keep an ongoing medical dictionary and are assessed over medical terminology weekly.  Students present orally one time each quarter regarding diseases. 
        Students spend an average of one day per week in the laboratory.  Experiments must follow all safety guidelines as set forth by the science department and students are required to adhere to these guidelines at all times.  Students must demonstrate competency in several areas: in chemical analysis of macromolecules of organic nature, in microscope work, and in dissections.  The Anatomy and Physiology students are required to complete seven dissections, which include muscle tissue, the brain, eye, kidney, sheep pluck, heart and fetal pig.  The dissection includes following instructions as written in the lab, and analyzing structure and function of each principle organ or tissue.  Laboratory sheets are provided with detailed analytical questions for each dissection and complete a 45-50 slide power point presentation labeling all dissections from the lab during the year.  Additionally students must calculate from lab all respiratory volumes, including tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve and residual volume as well as cardiac rates under varying conditions using a digital heart monitor.  Students complete blood typing, organic chemistry and integumentary labs and microscope work.  Students complete laboratory practicals to measure their ability to memorize and identify cellular structures, tissues, and organs microscopically and macroscopically. 
Course Objectives:
  1. When does life begin?
  2. What is our role in maintaining health?
  3. What is our view of others?
  4. What value is a human life?
  5. What does scripture say about the body as a whole, support and movement in glorifying Him?
  6. Label anatomical directions and planes on the human body;
  7. Recall the 10 characteristics of life and classify living from non-living;
  8. Explain the three main body types and the diseases associated with them;
  9. Define homeostasis and conclude how the body maintains homeostasis through a variety of mechanisms;
  10. Define and express 10 medical terms per week;
  11. Categorize mechanisms of disease (pathology)
  12. Summarize cell physiology including replication, protein synthesis, and transport
  13. Classify the four tissue types, draw/ color and state functions
  14. Compare and contrast four tissue types, cells and functions of each
  15. Differentiate and draw epithelial tissues and locate where they are found in the body
  16. Distinguish between different types of epithelial glands
  17.  Explain the layers of integumentary system and their functions
  18.  Contrast three types of burns
  19.  Classify bones based on shape
  20.  Recall bone names and function
  21.  Classify articulations within the skeleton
  22.  Diagram a long bone
  23.  Identify bones of disarticulated skeleton and the articulations at each end
  24.  Articulate orally from memory the description, symptoms, contagion, treatment and prognosis of a bacterial or viral vectored disease
  25. Compare and contrast bac vs viral disease
  26. Explain the importance of calcium in the human body (4+ vital functions);
  1.  Build a muscle cell identifying all integral layers and parts;
  2. Classify muscle movements
  3. Memorize / recall major muscles (50) and their movements
  4. Restate the differences between type I and II muscle fibers;
  5. Present information on one type of muscle action;
  6. Diagram and explain the 6 types of nerve cells;
  7. Paraphrase an action potential;
  8. Recall three types of neurotransmitters
  9. Identify the parts of the human brain
  10. Describe how myotomes and dermatomes are used for medical evaluations
  11. Articulate orally from memory the description, symptoms, contagion, treatment and prognosis of a genetically transmitted disease
  12.  Create a medical dictionary defining and illustrating terms as assigned
  13.  Recall 12 cranial nerves and their functions
  14. Distinguish between spinal and cranial nerves
  15.  Interpret actions as stemming from sympathetic or parasympathetic
  16.   Articulate orally from memory the description, symptoms, contagion, treatment and prognosis of a life style or age related disease;
  17. Summarize the neurological path for four special senses – smell, taste, hearing and vision
  18.  Differentiate between general senses
  19. Explain how light refraction produces near and far images
  20. List the anatomical parts of the 4 special senses
  21. Define and describe visual functions and disease
  22. Recall and classify by function 16 major hormones
  23. Demonstrate blood coagulation using typing lab
  24.  Describe the components of blood including formed elements and plasma; recall % of each
  25.  Explain blood clotting / transfusion
  26.  Diagram and label the heart
  27.  Trace the path of blood through pulmonary and systemic loops
  28.  Name and label 15 major arteries and 15 major veins
  29.  Diagram and explain the PQRST wave from an EKG
  30.  Calculate cardiac output
  31.  Predict changes in CO based on activity
  32.  Identify pulse points and calculate pulse rate
  33.  Explain 3 mechanisms of blood pressure changes
  34.  List 3 lines of defense the body employs
  35.  Differentiate between natural and artificial immunity
  36.  List physical effects of stress
  37.   Articulate orally from memory the description, symptoms, contagion, treatment and prognosis of a genetically transmitted disease
  38. Identify organs in upper and lower respiratory tract
  39. Know the numbers associated with RS including mucus, alveoli, lobes, lengths, and respiratory volumes
  40. Measure and calculate respiratory volumes
  41. Identify lobes and bronchial tree segments
  42. Explain central nervous system and 4 other factors that regulate BR
  43. Explain ventilation and gas exchange variables
  44. Name and describe mechanisms of disease within the resp system
  45. Name 14 main and 7 accessory organs in the digestive system (DS) in order
  46. Know the lengths of the 3 segments of sm intest
  47. Differentiate between mechanical and chemical digestion and the places that both occur
  48. List, describe origin and substrate for the 5 secretions of the DS
  49. Define metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism
  50. Calculate the energy derived from grams of cars, prot and fat
  51. Evaluate various fictional meals from fast food restaurants for their calorie, fat and vitamin value
  52. Compare and contrast gluconeogenesis, glucogenolysis and glycolysis
  53.  Explain the fat sparring effect and the order of metabolism
  54. Identify the presence of organic compounds in foods
  55. Calculate BMR
  56. List and draw the macroscopic and microscopic organs and parts of the urinary system (US)
  57. Label the nephron for filtration, reabs, and secretion
  58. Model or act out # 22 using bag of colors
  59. List the three hormones and explain how each regulates urine volume
  60. Complete dissections successfully and carefully taking photos as proceeds
  61. Contrast male and female urethra function and length
  62. List the main organ of the male repro tract (testes) and its two functions
  63. Identify the path of semen (4) and the 3 glands that contribute and what % each
  64.  List and describe function of female repro system
  65.  Summarize the role of female hormones in the ovary and endometrial cycles
  66. Consolidate a list of common STD’s, causes and treatments
  67. Explain the development of the egg from oogenesis through the embryonic / fetal stages
  68.  List the accomplishments expected of a newborn at 2,4,6,10,12 and 18 months of age
  69. Articulate using scriptural references when life begins, sanctity of all life, God knowing each and every one of us being knit in the mother’s womb, knowing our days and thoughts before one of them came to be and the importance of living a healthy lifestyle all of our days
 
 
Textbooks:
Thibodeau and Patton, Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology,17th Edition, Mosby Publications, 2003. (ISBN # 0-323-01630-8)
Thibodeau and Patton, Laboratory Manual to Accompany Anthony’s, Mosby Publications, 2003. (ISBN # 0-323-02475-0)
Swisher, Linda, Anatomy and Physiology Study and Review Guide to Accompany Anthony’s, Mosby Publications, 2003.  (ISBN # 0-323-01668-5)
 
 
Required Materials:The materials needed to successfully complete this course are:
  • Anthony’s textbook of Anatomy & Physiology, 17th edition, (17th edition)
                        ISBN 0-323-01630-8
  • Lined notebook paper for notes; (spiral is OK for notes)
  • 1-2 inch 3 ring binder
  • Separate spiral notebook (50 pgs) for medical dictionary
  • blue or black ink pens
  • colored pencils
  • power point program
  • access to digital camera
  • access to online resources
  • access to a Medical Dictionary
 
 
Prerequisites:
This course is open to students in the twelfth grade who have successfully completed two years of laboratory sciences, Biology or Honors Biology and either Chemistry, Honors Chemistry, Physics or AP Physics, with B’s or better.  Students must have completed a course in both Life Science and Physical Science before taking this course.